Use const T* for input tensors in layer and tensor operations

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -43,6 +43,11 @@ set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
 add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} STATIC ${LIBRARY_SOURCES})
 
 if(USE_CUDA)
+    # Enable relocatable device code for proper template instantiation across translation units
+    set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES
+        CUDA_SEPARABLE_COMPILATION ON
+        CUDA_RUNTIME_LIBRARY Shared
+    )
     target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} CUDA::cudart)
 endif()
 

include/backend.hpp

@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@
 
 namespace CUDANet {
 
-// Forward declaration
-class Tensor;
+// Forward declarations
 class Backend;
+class Tensor;
+enum class DType;
 
 enum BackendType { CUDA_BACKEND, CPU_BACKEND };
 
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ class Backend {
     std::optional<DType> default_dtype;
   public:
 
+    // Dtypes
     virtual bool supports_dtype(DType dtype) const = 0;
     virtual void set_default_dtype(DType dtype) = 0;
     virtual DType get_default_dtype() const = 0;

include/backend/cuda/cuda.cuh

@@ -15,22 +15,29 @@
  *
  */
 #define CUDA_CHECK(call)                                                       \
-do { \
+    do {                                                                       \
         cudaError_t result = call;                                             \
         if (result != cudaSuccess) {                                           \
-        fprintf(stderr, "CUDA error at %s:%d code=%d(%s) \"%s\" \n", \
-                __FILE__, __LINE__, static_cast<unsigned int>(result), \
-                cudaGetErrorString(result), #call); \
+            fprintf(                                                           \
+                stderr, "CUDA error at %s:%d code=%d(%s) \"%s\" \n", __FILE__, \
+                __LINE__, static_cast<unsigned int>(result),                   \
+                cudaGetErrorString(result), #call                              \
+            );                                                                 \
             exit(EXIT_FAILURE);                                                \
         }                                                                      \
-} while (0)
+    } while (0)
 
 namespace CUDANet::Backends {
 
+template <DType dtype>
+struct cuda_dtype_map;
+
+template <>
+struct cuda_dtype_map<DType::FLOAT32> {
+    using type = float;
+};
+
 class CUDA : public Backend {
-  private:
-    int device_id;
-    std::set<DType> supported_dtypes;
   public:
     CUDA(const BackendConfig& config);
 
@@ -45,16 +52,16 @@ class CUDA : public Backend {
     void* allocate(size_t bytes) override;
     void  deallocate(void* ptr) override;
 
-    // Tensor ops
+    // Tensor ops dispatchers
     void print(const CUDANet::Tensor& input) override;
     void zero(CUDANet::Tensor& input) override;
-    void fill(CUDANet::Tensor &input, int value) override;
+    void fill(CUDANet::Tensor& input, int value) override;
     void
     copy_to_device(CUDANet::Tensor& tensor, void* data, size_t size) override;
     void sum(const CUDANet::Tensor& input, CUDANet::Tensor& sum) override;
     void max(const CUDANet::Tensor& input, CUDANet::Tensor& max) override;
 
-    // Layer ops
+    // Layer ops dispatchers
     void relu(CUDANet::Tensor& tensor) override;
     void sigmoid(CUDANet::Tensor& tensor) override;
     void softmax(
@@ -126,6 +133,111 @@ class CUDA : public Backend {
         CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
         CUDANet::Tensor& output
     ) override;
+
+  private:
+    int             device_id;
+    std::set<DType> supported_dtypes;
+
+    // Tensor ops template impls
+    template <typename T>
+    void print_impl(const CUDANet::Tensor& input);
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void fill_impl(CUDANet::Tensor& input, int value);
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void copy_to_device_impl(CUDANet::Tensor& tensor, void* data, size_t size);
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void sum_impl(const CUDANet::Tensor& input, CUDANet::Tensor& sum);
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void max_impl(const CUDANet::Tensor& input, CUDANet::Tensor& max);
+
+    // Layer ops template impls
+    template <typename T>
+    void relu_impl(CUDANet::Tensor& tensor);
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void sigmoid_impl(CUDANet::Tensor& tensor);
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void softmax_impl(
+        CUDANet::Tensor& tensor,
+        CUDANet::Tensor& temp_max,
+        CUDANet::Tensor& temp_sum
+    );
+
+    template <typename T>
+    CUDANet::Tensor& dense_impl(
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& weights,
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& biases,
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+        const size_t           input_size,
+        const size_t           output_size
+    );
+
+    template <typename T>
+    CUDANet::Tensor& conv2d_impl(
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& weights,
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& biases,
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+        const CUDANet::Shape   in_shape,
+        const CUDANet::Shape   padding_shape,
+        const CUDANet::Shape   kernel_shape,
+        const CUDANet::Shape   stride_shape,
+        const CUDANet::Shape   out_shape
+    );
+
+    template <typename T>
+    CUDANet::Tensor& max_pool2d_impl(
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+        CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+        CUDANet::Shape         pool_shape,
+        CUDANet::Shape         stride_shape,
+        CUDANet::Shape         padding_shape,
+        CUDANet::Shape         output_shape
+    );
+
+    template <typename T>
+    CUDANet::Tensor& avg_pool2d_impl(
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+        CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+        CUDANet::Shape         pool_shape,
+        CUDANet::Shape         stride_shape,
+        CUDANet::Shape         padding_shape,
+        CUDANet::Shape         output_shape
+    );
+
+    template <typename T>
+    CUDANet::Tensor& batch_norm_impl(
+        const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+        CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       weights,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       biases,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       running_mean,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       running_var,
+        CUDANet::Tensor&       epsilon
+    );
+
+    template <typename T>
+    CUDANet::Tensor& concat_impl(
+        CUDANet::Tensor& input_a,
+        CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
+        CUDANet::Tensor& output
+    );
+
+    template <typename T>
+    CUDANet::Tensor& add_impl(
+        CUDANet::Tensor& input_a,
+        CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
+        CUDANet::Tensor& output
+    );
 };
 
-}  // namespace CUDANet::Backend
+}  // namespace CUDANet::Backends

include/backend/cuda/kernels/activation_functions.cuh

@@ -4,29 +4,18 @@
 
 namespace CUDANet::Kernels {
 
-/**
- * @brief Sigmoid activation function kernel
- *
- * @param src Pointer to the source array
- * @param dst Pointer to the destination array
- * @param len Length of the arrays
- */
+
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void sigmoid(
-    const float* __restrict__ src,
-    float* __restrict__ dst,
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Relu activation function kernel
- *
- * @param src Pointer to the source array
- * @param dst Pointer to the destination array
- * @param len Length of the arrays
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void relu(
-    const float* __restrict__ src,
-    float* __restrict__ dst,
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 

include/backend/cuda/kernels/convolution.cuh

@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@
 
 namespace CUDANet::Kernels {
 
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void convolution(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_input,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_kernel,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_bias,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_input,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_kernel,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_bias,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const Shape input_shape,
     const Shape padding_shape,
     const Shape kernel_shape,

include/backend/cuda/kernels/matmul.cuh

@@ -4,188 +4,105 @@
 
 namespace CUDANet::Kernels {
 
-/**
- * @brief Matrix vector multiplication kernel
- *
- * @param d_matrix Device pointer to matrix
- * @param d_vector Device pointer to vector
- * @param d_output Device pointer to output vector
- * @param w Width of the matrix
- * @param h Height of the matrix
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void mat_vec_mul(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_matrix,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_matrix,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int w,
     const unsigned int h
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Vector vector addition kernel
- *
- * @param d_vector1 Device pointer to first vector
- * @param d_vector2 Device pointer to second vector
- * @param d_output Device pointer to output vector
- * @param w Length of the vectors
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_vec_add(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector1,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector2,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector1,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector2,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int w
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Vector vector subtraction kernel
- * 
- * @param d_vector1 
- * @param d_vector2 
- * @param d_output 
- * @param w 
- * @return __global__ 
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_vec_sub(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector1,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector2,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector1,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector2,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int w
 );
 
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_vec_mul(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector1,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector2,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector1,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector2,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int w
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Sub scalar from each element of the vector
- * 
- * @param d_vector 
- * @param d_scalar 
- * @param d_output 
- * @param w 
- * @return __global__ 
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_scalar_sub(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_src,
-    float* __restrict__ d_out,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_scalar,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_src,
+    T* __restrict__ d_out,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_scalar,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Add scalar to each element of the vector
- * 
- * @param d_src 
- * @param d_out 
- * @param d_scalar 
- * @param len 
- * @return __global__ 
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_scalar_add(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_src,
-    float* __restrict__ d_out,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_scalar,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_src,
+    T* __restrict__ d_out,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_scalar,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Divide each element of the vector by a scalar
- *
- * @param src Pointer to the source array
- * @param dst Pointer to the destination array
- * @param len Length of the arrays
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_scalar_div(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_src,
-    float* __restrict__ d_out,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_scalar,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_src,
+    T* __restrict__ d_out,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_scalar,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Multiply each element of the vector by a scalar
- * 
- * @param d_src 
- * @param d_out 
- * @param d_scalar 
- * @param len 
- * @return __global__ 
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_scalar_mul(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_src,
-    float* __restrict__ d_out,
-    const float* __restrict__ d_scalar,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_src,
+    T* __restrict__ d_out,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_scalar,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Exponentiate each element of the vector
- *
- * @param src Pointer to the source array
- * @param dst Pointer to the destination array
- * @param len Length of the arrays
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_exp(
-    const float* __restrict__ src,
-    float* __restrict__ dst,
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Compute the square root of each element of the vector
- * 
- * @param src Device pointer to source vector
- * @param dst Device pointer to destination vector
- * @param len Length of the vector
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_sqrt(
-    const float* __restrict__ src,
-    float* __restrict__ dst,
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Scales the vector by 1/sqrt(scale + epsilon)
- * 
- * @param src Device pointer to source vector
- * @param dst Device pointer to destination vector
- * @param scale Scale
- * @param epsilon Epsilon
- * @param len Length of the vector
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void vec_scale(
-    const float* __restrict__ src,
-    float* __restrict__ dst,
-    const float* __restrict__ scale,
-    const float* epsilon,
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
+    const T* __restrict__ scale,
+    const T* epsilon,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief Max reduction kernel
- *
- * @param d_vector Device pointer to vector
- * @param d_output Device pointer to output vector
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void max_reduce(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 
-/**
- * @brief 
- * 
- * @param d_vector Device pointer to vector
- * @param d_output Device pointer to output vector
- * @param len Length of the vector
- */
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void sum_reduce(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_vector,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int len
 );
 

include/backend/cuda/kernels/pool.cuh

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 
 namespace CUDANet::Kernels {
 
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void max_pool(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_input,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_input,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const Shape input_shape,
     const Shape output_shape,
     const Shape pool_shape,
@@ -15,9 +16,10 @@ __global__ void max_pool(
     const Shape padding_shape
 );
 
+template <typename T>
 __global__ void avg_pool(
-    const float* __restrict__ d_input,
-    float* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_input,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
     const Shape input_shape,
     const Shape output_shape,
     const Shape pool_shape,

include/module.hpp

@@ -15,10 +15,6 @@ class Module {
 
     CUDANet::Shape output_shape();
 
-    size_t input_size();
-
-    size_t output_size();
-
     void register_layer(const std::string& name, Layer* layer);
 
     void register_module(Module& module);

include/tensor.hpp

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ enum class DType
 
 size_t dtype_size(DType dtype);
 
+// Forward declaration
+class Backend;
+
 class Tensor
 {
 public:
@@ -33,32 +36,19 @@ public:
 
     ~Tensor();
 
-    DType get_dtype();
+    DType get_dtype() const;
 
     size_t size() const;
     size_t numel() const;
 
-    template <typename T>
-    const T* data() const {
-        return static_cast<T*>(d_ptr);
-    }
-
-    template <typename T>
-    T* data() {
-        return static_cast<T*>(d_ptr);
-    }
+    void* device_ptr() const;
+    void* device_ptr();
 
     void zero();
 
-    template <typename T>
-    void fill(T value) {
-        backend->fill(*this, value);
-    }
+    void fill(int value);
 
-    template <typename T>
-    void set_data(T *data) {
-        backend->copy_to_device(*this, data, total_size);
-    }
+    void set_data(void *data);
 
 private:
     Shape       shape;

src/backend_factory.cpp

@@ -13,24 +13,24 @@ std::unique_ptr<Backend> BackendFactory::create(BackendType backend_type, const
     switch (backend_type)
     {
     case BackendType::CUDA_BACKEND:
+        {
         #ifdef USE_CUDA
 
         if (!CUDANet::Backends::CUDA::is_cuda_available()) {
-            throw std::runtime_error("No CUDA devices found")
+            throw std::runtime_error("No CUDA devices found");
         }
 
         auto cuda = std::make_unique<CUDANet::Backends::CUDA>(config);
-        cuda.initialize();
-
         return cuda;
 
         #else
         throw std::runtime_error("Library was compiled without CUDA support.");
         #endif
-
+        }
         break;
     
     default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("Invalid backend");
         break;
     }
 

src/backends/cuda/cuda.cu

@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ CUDANet::DType CUDA::get_default_dtype() const {
     return DType::FLOAT32;
 }
 
-
 void* CUDA::allocate(size_t bytes) {
     void* d_ptr = nullptr;
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaMalloc(&d_ptr, bytes));

src/backends/cuda/kernels/activation_functions.cu

@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@
 
 using namespace CUDANet;
 
-__global__ void Kernels::sigmoid(
+template 
+__global__ void Kernels::sigmoid<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ src,
     float* __restrict__ dst,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::sigmoid(
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int stride = gridDim.x * blockDim.x;
     int tid    = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
@@ -15,10 +23,17 @@ __global__ void Kernels::sigmoid(
     }
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::relu(
+template __global__ void Kernels::relu<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ src,
     float* __restrict__ dst,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::relu(
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int stride = gridDim.x * blockDim.x;
     int tid    = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;

src/backends/cuda/kernels/convolution.cu

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 using namespace CUDANet;
 
-__global__ void Kernels::convolution(
+template __global__ void Kernels::convolution<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_input,
     const float* __restrict__ d_kernel,
     const float* __restrict__ d_bias,
@@ -14,6 +14,19 @@ __global__ void Kernels::convolution(
     const Shape kernel_shape,
     const Shape stride_shape,
     const Shape output_shape
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::convolution(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_input,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_kernel,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_bias,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const Shape input_shape,
+    const Shape padding_shape,
+    const Shape kernel_shape,
+    const Shape stride_shape,
+    const Shape output_shape
 ) {
     int j = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     int i = blockDim.y * blockIdx.y + threadIdx.y;
@@ -23,7 +36,7 @@ __global__ void Kernels::convolution(
         return;
     }
 
-    float sum = 0.0f;
+    T sum = static_cast<T>(0);
 
     // Iterate over kernel and input matrix
     for (int c = 0; c < input_shape[2]; c++) {

src/backends/cuda/kernels/matmul.cu

@@ -3,17 +3,26 @@
 
 using namespace CUDANet;
 
-__global__ void Kernels::mat_vec_mul(
+template __global__ void Kernels::mat_vec_mul<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_matrix,
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector,
     float* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int w,
     const unsigned int h
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::mat_vec_mul(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_matrix,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const unsigned int w,
+    const unsigned int h
 ) {
     int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
 
     if (tid < h) {
-        float temp = 0.0f;
+        T temp = static_cast<T>(0);
 
         for (unsigned int j = 0; j < w; j++) {
             temp += d_matrix[tid * w + j] * d_vector[j];
@@ -23,11 +32,19 @@ __global__ void Kernels::mat_vec_mul(
     }
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_add(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_add<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector1,
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector2,
     float* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int w
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_add(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector1,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector2,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const unsigned int w
 ) {
     int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     if (tid >= w) {
@@ -36,11 +53,19 @@ __global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_add(
     d_output[tid] = d_vector1[tid] + d_vector2[tid];
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_sub(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_sub<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector1,
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector2,
     float* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int w
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_sub(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector1,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector2,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const unsigned int w
 ) {
     int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     if (tid >= w) {
@@ -49,11 +74,19 @@ __global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_sub(
     d_output[tid] = d_vector1[tid] - d_vector2[tid];
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_mul(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_mul<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector1,
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector2,
     float* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int w
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_mul(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector1,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector2,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const unsigned int w
 ) {
     int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     if (tid >= w) {
@@ -62,11 +95,19 @@ __global__ void Kernels::vec_vec_mul(
     d_output[tid] = d_vector1[tid] * d_vector2[tid];
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_sub(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_sub<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_src,
     float* __restrict__ d_out,
     const float* __restrict__ d_scalar,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_sub(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_src,
+    T* __restrict__ d_out,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_scalar,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     if (tid >= len) {
@@ -75,11 +116,19 @@ __global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_sub(
     d_out[tid] = d_src[tid] - *d_scalar;
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_add(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_add<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_src,
     float* __restrict__ d_out,
     const float* __restrict__ d_scalar,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_add(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_src,
+    T* __restrict__ d_out,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_scalar,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     if (tid >= len) {
@@ -88,11 +137,19 @@ __global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_add(
     d_out[tid] = d_src[tid] + *d_scalar;
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_div(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_div<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_src,
     float* __restrict__ d_out,
     const float* __restrict__ d_scalar,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_div(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_src,
+    T* __restrict__ d_out,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_scalar,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     if (tid >= len) {
@@ -101,11 +158,19 @@ __global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_div(
     d_out[tid] = d_src[tid] / *d_scalar;
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_mul(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_mul<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_src,
     float* __restrict__ d_out,
     const float* __restrict__ d_scalar,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_mul(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_src,
+    T* __restrict__ d_out,
+    const T* __restrict__ d_scalar,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     if (tid >= len) {
@@ -114,52 +179,85 @@ __global__ void Kernels::vec_scalar_mul(
     d_out[tid] = d_src[tid] * *d_scalar;
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_exp(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_exp<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ src,
     float* __restrict__ dst,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_exp(
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int stride = gridDim.x * blockDim.x;
     int tid    = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
 
     for (int i = tid; i < len; i += stride) {
+        // TODO: separate implementation for __half
         dst[i] = expf(src[i]);
     }
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_sqrt(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_sqrt<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ src,
     float* __restrict__ dst,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_sqrt(
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int stride = gridDim.x * blockDim.x;
     int tid    = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
 
     for (int i = tid; i < len; i += stride) {
+        // TODO: separate implementation for __half
         dst[i] = sqrtf(src[i]);
     }
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::vec_scale(
+template __global__ void Kernels::vec_scale<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ src,
     float* __restrict__ dst,
     const float* __restrict__ scale,
     const float* epsilon,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::vec_scale(
+    const T* __restrict__ src,
+    T* __restrict__ dst,
+    const T* __restrict__ scale,
+    const T* epsilon,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
     int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
     if (idx < len) {
+        // TODO: separate implementation for __half
         float inv_std = rsqrtf(*scale + *epsilon);
         dst[idx] = src[idx] * inv_std;
     }
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::max_reduce(
+template __global__ void Kernels::max_reduce<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector,
     float* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::max_reduce(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
-    __shared__ float shared_max[BLOCK_SIZE];
+    __shared__ T shared_max[BLOCK_SIZE];
     int i       = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 
     if (i < len) {
@@ -172,6 +270,7 @@ __global__ void Kernels::max_reduce(
 
     for (int s = blockDim.x / 2; s > 0; s >>= 1) {
         if (threadIdx.x < s) {
+            // TODO: separate implementation for __half
             shared_max[threadIdx.x] = fmaxf(shared_max[threadIdx.x], shared_max[threadIdx.x + s]);
         }
         __syncthreads();
@@ -182,18 +281,25 @@ __global__ void Kernels::max_reduce(
     }
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::sum_reduce(
+template __global__ void Kernels::sum_reduce<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_vector,
     float* __restrict__ d_output,
     const unsigned int len
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::sum_reduce(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_vector,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const unsigned int len
 ) {
-    __shared__ float partial_sum[BLOCK_SIZE];
+    __shared__ T partial_sum[BLOCK_SIZE];
     int              i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 
     if (i < len) {
         partial_sum[threadIdx.x] = d_vector[i];
     } else {
-        partial_sum[threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;
+        partial_sum[threadIdx.x] = static_cast<T>(0);
     }
 
     __syncthreads();

src/backends/cuda/kernels/pool.cu

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 using namespace CUDANet;
 
-__global__ void Kernels::max_pool(
+template __global__ void Kernels::max_pool<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_input,
     float* __restrict__ d_output,
     const Shape input_shape,
@@ -11,6 +11,17 @@ __global__ void Kernels::max_pool(
     const Shape pool_shape,
     const Shape stride_shape,
     const Shape padding_shape
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::max_pool(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_input,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const Shape input_shape,
+    const Shape output_shape,
+    const Shape pool_shape,
+    const Shape stride_shape,
+    const Shape padding_shape
 ) {
     int j = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     int i = blockDim.y * blockIdx.y + threadIdx.y;
@@ -20,7 +31,7 @@ __global__ void Kernels::max_pool(
         return;
     }
 
-    float max = 0.0f;
+    T max = static_cast<T>(0);
 
     for (int k = 0; k < pool_shape[0]; k++) {
         for (int l = 0; l < pool_shape[1]; l++) {
@@ -43,7 +54,7 @@ __global__ void Kernels::max_pool(
             max;
 }
 
-__global__ void Kernels::avg_pool(
+template __global__ void Kernels::avg_pool<float>(
     const float* __restrict__ d_input,
     float* __restrict__ d_output,
     const Shape input_shape,
@@ -51,6 +62,17 @@ __global__ void Kernels::avg_pool(
     const Shape pool_shape,
     const Shape stride_shape,
     const Shape padding_shape
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+__global__ void Kernels::avg_pool(
+    const T* __restrict__ d_input,
+    T* __restrict__ d_output,
+    const Shape input_shape,
+    const Shape output_shape,
+    const Shape pool_shape,
+    const Shape stride_shape,
+    const Shape padding_shape
 ) {
     int j = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
     int i = blockDim.y * blockIdx.y + threadIdx.y;
@@ -60,7 +82,7 @@ __global__ void Kernels::avg_pool(
         return;
     }
 
-    float sum = 0.0f;
+    T sum = static_cast<T>(0);
 
     for (int k = 0; k < pool_shape[0]; k++) {
         for (int l = 0; l < pool_shape[1]; l++) {

src/backends/cuda/layer_ops.cu

@@ -7,24 +7,70 @@
 using namespace CUDANet::Backends;
 
 void CUDA::relu(Tensor& tensor) {
+    switch (tensor.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            relu_impl<float>(tensor);
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template void CUDA::relu_impl<float>(Tensor& tensor);
+
+template <typename T>
+void CUDA::relu_impl(Tensor& tensor) {
     int gridSize = (tensor.numel() + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
     Kernels::relu<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        tensor.data<float>(), tensor.data<float>(), tensor.numel()
+        static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), tensor.numel()
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());
 }
 
-void CUDA::sigmoid(Tensor& tensor) {
+void CUDA::sigmoid(CUDANet::Tensor& tensor) {
+    switch (tensor.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            sigmoid_impl<float>(tensor);
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template void CUDA::sigmoid_impl<float>(Tensor& tensor);
+
+template <typename T>
+void CUDA::sigmoid_impl(CUDANet::Tensor& tensor) {
     int gridSize = (tensor.numel() + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
     Kernels::sigmoid<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        tensor.data<float>(), tensor.data<float>(), tensor.numel()
+        static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), tensor.numel()
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());
 }
 
 void CUDA::softmax(Tensor& tensor, Tensor& temp_max, Tensor& temp_sum) {
+    switch (tensor.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            softmax_impl<float>(tensor, temp_max, temp_sum);
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template void
+CUDA::softmax_impl<float>(Tensor& tensor, Tensor& temp_max, Tensor& temp_sum);
+
+template <typename T>
+void CUDA::softmax_impl(Tensor& tensor, Tensor& temp_max, Tensor& temp_sum) {
     int gridSize = (tensor.numel() + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
 
     // Find max value
@@ -32,14 +78,13 @@ void CUDA::softmax(Tensor& tensor, Tensor& temp_max, Tensor& temp_sum) {
 
     // Subtract max value to improve numerical stability
     Kernels::vec_scalar_sub<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        tensor.data<float>(), tensor.data<float>(), temp_max.data<float>(),
-        tensor.numel()
+        static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(temp_max.device_ptr()), tensor.numel()
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
     // Compute exponentials
     Kernels::vec_exp<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        tensor.data<float>(), tensor.data<float>(), tensor.numel()
+        static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), tensor.numel()
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
@@ -47,8 +92,7 @@ void CUDA::softmax(Tensor& tensor, Tensor& temp_max, Tensor& temp_sum) {
     sum(tensor, temp_sum);
 
     Kernels::vec_scalar_div<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        tensor.data<float>(), tensor.data<float>(), temp_sum.data<float>(),
-        tensor.numel()
+        static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(temp_sum.device_ptr()), tensor.numel()
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());
@@ -61,20 +105,50 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::dense(
     CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
     const size_t           input_size,
     const size_t           output_size
+) {
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            return dense_impl<float>(
+                weights, biases, input, output, input_size, output_size
+            );
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::dense_impl<float>(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& weights,
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& biases,
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    const size_t           input_size,
+    const size_t           output_size
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::dense_impl(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& weights,
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& biases,
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    const size_t           input_size,
+    const size_t           output_size
 ) {
     auto forwardGridSize =
         (std::max(input_size, output_size) + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
     auto biasGridSize = (output_size + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
 
     Kernels::mat_vec_mul<<<forwardGridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        weights.data<float>(), input.data<float>(), output.data<float>(),
-        input_size, output_size
+        static_cast<const T*>(weights.device_ptr()), static_cast<const T*>(input.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()), input_size,
+        output_size
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
     Kernels::vec_vec_add<<<biasGridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        biases.data<float>(), output.data<float>(), output.data<float>(),
-        output_size
+        static_cast<const T*>(biases.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()), output_size
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());
@@ -92,6 +166,44 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::conv2d(
     const CUDANet::Shape   kernel_shape,
     const CUDANet::Shape   stride_shape,
     const CUDANet::Shape   out_shape
+) {
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            return conv2d_impl<float>(
+                weights, biases, input, output, in_shape, padding_shape,
+                kernel_shape, stride_shape, out_shape
+            );
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::conv2d_impl<float>(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& weights,
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& biases,
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   in_shape,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   padding_shape,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   kernel_shape,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   stride_shape,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   out_shape
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::conv2d_impl(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& weights,
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& biases,
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   in_shape,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   padding_shape,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   kernel_shape,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   stride_shape,
+    const CUDANet::Shape   out_shape
 ) {
     dim3 block(8, 8, 8);
     dim3 grid(
@@ -101,9 +213,8 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::conv2d(
     );
 
     Kernels::convolution<<<grid, block>>>(
-        input.data<float>(), weights.data<float>(), biases.data<float>(),
-        output.data<float>(), in_shape, padding_shape, kernel_shape,
-        stride_shape, out_shape
+        static_cast<const T*>(input.device_ptr()), static_cast<const T*>(weights.device_ptr()), static_cast<const T*>(biases.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()),
+        in_shape, padding_shape, kernel_shape, stride_shape, out_shape
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());
@@ -119,6 +230,40 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::max_pool2d(
     CUDANet::Shape         stride_shape,
     CUDANet::Shape         padding_shape,
     CUDANet::Shape         output_shape
+) {
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            return max_pool2d_impl<float>(
+                input, output, input_shape, pool_shape, stride_shape,
+                padding_shape, output_shape
+            );
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::max_pool2d_impl<float>(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         pool_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         stride_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         padding_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         output_shape
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::max_pool2d_impl(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         pool_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         stride_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         padding_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         output_shape
 ) {
     dim3 block(8, 8, 8);
     dim3 grid(
@@ -128,8 +273,8 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::max_pool2d(
     );
 
     Kernels::max_pool<<<grid, block>>>(
-        input.data<float>(), output.data<float>(), input_shape, output_shape, pool_shape,
-        stride_shape, padding_shape
+        static_cast<const T*>(input.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()), input_shape, output_shape,
+        pool_shape, stride_shape, padding_shape
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());
@@ -145,6 +290,40 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::avg_pool2d(
     CUDANet::Shape         stride_shape,
     CUDANet::Shape         padding_shape,
     CUDANet::Shape         output_shape
+) {
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            return avg_pool2d_impl<float>(
+                input, output, input_shape, pool_shape, stride_shape,
+                padding_shape, output_shape
+            );
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::avg_pool2d_impl<float>(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         pool_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         stride_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         padding_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         output_shape
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::avg_pool2d_impl(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         pool_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         stride_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         padding_shape,
+    CUDANet::Shape         output_shape
 ) {
     dim3 block(8, 8, 8);
     dim3 grid(
@@ -154,8 +333,8 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::avg_pool2d(
     );
 
     Kernels::avg_pool<<<grid, block>>>(
-        input.data<float>(), output.data<float>(), input_shape, output_shape, pool_shape,
-        stride_shape, padding_shape
+        static_cast<const T*>(input.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()), input_shape, output_shape,
+        pool_shape, stride_shape, padding_shape
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());
@@ -172,41 +351,77 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::batch_norm(
     CUDANet::Tensor&       running_mean,
     CUDANet::Tensor&       running_var,
     CUDANet::Tensor&       epsilon
+) {
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            return batch_norm_impl<float>(
+                input, output, input_shape, weights, biases, running_mean,
+                running_var, epsilon
+            );
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::batch_norm_impl<float>(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       weights,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       biases,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       running_mean,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       running_var,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       epsilon
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::batch_norm_impl(
+    const CUDANet::Tensor& input,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       output,
+    CUDANet::Shape         input_shape,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       weights,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       biases,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       running_mean,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       running_var,
+    CUDANet::Tensor&       epsilon
 ) {
     auto gridSize =
         (input_shape[0] * input_shape[1] + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
 
-
     for (int i = 0; i < input_shape[2]; i++) {
         // Subtract mean from input
         Kernels::vec_scalar_sub<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-            input.data<float>() + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
-            output.data<float>() + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
-            &running_mean.data<float>()[i], input_shape[0] * input_shape[1]
+            static_cast<const T*>(input.device_ptr()) + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
+            static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()) + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
+            &static_cast<T*>(running_mean.device_ptr())[i], input_shape[0] * input_shape[1]
         );
         CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
         // Divide by sqrt(running_var + epsilon)
         Kernels::vec_scale<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-            output.data<float>() + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
-            output.data<float>() + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
-            &running_var.data<float>()[i], epsilon.data<float>(), input_shape[0] * input_shape[1]
+            static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()) + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
+            static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()) + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
+            &static_cast<T*>(running_var.device_ptr())[i], static_cast<T*>(epsilon.device_ptr()),
+            input_shape[0] * input_shape[1]
         );
         CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
         // Multiply by weights
         Kernels::vec_scalar_mul<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-            output.data<float>() + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
-            output.data<float>() + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1], &weights.data<float>()[i],
-            input_shape[0] * input_shape[1]
+            static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()) + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
+            static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()) + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
+            &static_cast<T*>(weights.device_ptr())[i], input_shape[0] * input_shape[1]
         );
         CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
         // Add biases
         Kernels::vec_scalar_add<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-            output.data<float>() + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
-            output.data<float>() + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1], &biases.data<float>()[i],
-            input_shape[0] * input_shape[1]
+            static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()) + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
+            static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()) + i * input_shape[0] * input_shape[1],
+            &static_cast<T*>(biases.device_ptr())[i], input_shape[0] * input_shape[1]
         );
         CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     }
@@ -218,14 +433,39 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::concat(
     CUDANet::Tensor& input_a,
     CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
     CUDANet::Tensor& output
+) {
+    switch (input_a.get_dtype()) {
+        case DType::FLOAT32:
+            return concat_impl<float>(
+                input_a, input_b, output
+            );
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::concat_impl<float>(
+    CUDANet::Tensor& input_a,
+    CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
+    CUDANet::Tensor& output
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::concat_impl(
+    CUDANet::Tensor& input_a,
+    CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
+    CUDANet::Tensor& output
 ) {
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(
-        output.data<float>(), input_a.data<float>(), input_a.size(),
+        static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()), static_cast<const T*>(input_a.device_ptr()), input_a.size(),
         cudaMemcpyDeviceToDevice
     ));
 
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(
-        output.data<float>() + input_a.numel(), input_b.data<float>(), input_b.size(),
+        static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()) + input_a.numel(), static_cast<const T*>(input_b.device_ptr()), input_b.size(),
         cudaMemcpyDeviceToDevice
     ));
 
@@ -239,11 +479,36 @@ CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::add(
     CUDANet::Tensor& input_a,
     CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
     CUDANet::Tensor& output
+) {
+    switch (input_a.get_dtype()) {
+    case DType::FLOAT32:
+        return add_impl<float>(
+            input_a, input_b, output
+        );
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+template CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::add_impl<float>(
+    CUDANet::Tensor& input_a,
+    CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
+    CUDANet::Tensor& output
+);
+
+template <typename T>
+CUDANet::Tensor& CUDA::add_impl(
+    CUDANet::Tensor& input_a,
+    CUDANet::Tensor& input_b,
+    CUDANet::Tensor& output
 ) {
     auto gridSize = (input_a.numel() + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
 
     Kernels::vec_vec_add<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        input_a.data<float>(), input_b.data<float>(), output.data<float>(), input_a.numel()
+        static_cast<const T*>(input_a.device_ptr()), static_cast<const T*>(input_b.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(output.device_ptr()), input_a.numel()
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());

src/backends/cuda/tensor_ops.cu

@@ -7,11 +7,26 @@
 using namespace CUDANet::Backends;
 
 void CUDA::print(const CUDANet::Tensor &input) {
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+    case DType::FLOAT32:
+        print_impl<float>(input);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+template void CUDA::print_impl<float> (const CUDANet::Tensor &input);
+
+template <typename T>
+void CUDA::print_impl(const CUDANet::Tensor &input) {
     auto length = input.numel();
-    std::vector<float> h_vec(input.numel());
+    std::vector<T> h_vec(input.numel());
 
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(
-        h_vec.data(), input.data<float>(), sizeof(float) * length, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost
+        h_vec.data(), static_cast<const T*>(input.device_ptr()), sizeof(T) * length, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost
     ));
 
     for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
@@ -26,27 +41,71 @@ void CUDA::zero(CUDANet::Tensor &input) {
 }
 
 void CUDA::fill(CUDANet::Tensor &input, int value) {
-    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemset(input.data<float>(), value, sizeof(float) * input.numel()));
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+    case DType::FLOAT32:
+        fill_impl<float>(input, value);
+        break;
 
+    default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+template void CUDA::fill_impl<float>(CUDANet::Tensor &input, int value);
+
+template <typename T>
+void CUDA::fill_impl(CUDANet::Tensor &input, int value) {
+    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemset(static_cast<T*>(input.device_ptr()), value, sizeof(T) * input.numel()));
 }
 
 void CUDA::copy_to_device(CUDANet::Tensor &tensor, void *data, size_t size) {
-    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(tensor.data<float>(), data, size, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
+    switch (tensor.get_dtype()) {
+    case DType::FLOAT32:
+        copy_to_device_impl<float>(tensor, data, size);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+template void CUDA::copy_to_device_impl<float>(CUDANet::Tensor &tensor, void *data, size_t size);
+
+template <typename T>
+void CUDA::copy_to_device_impl(CUDANet::Tensor &tensor, void *data, size_t size) {
+    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(static_cast<T*>(tensor.device_ptr()), data, size, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
 }
 
 void CUDA::sum(const CUDANet::Tensor &input, CUDANet::Tensor &sum) {
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+    case DType::FLOAT32:
+        sum_impl<float>(input, sum);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+template void CUDA::sum_impl<float>(const CUDANet::Tensor &input, CUDANet::Tensor &sum);
+
+template <typename T>
+void CUDA::sum_impl(const CUDANet::Tensor &input, CUDANet::Tensor &sum) {
     auto length = input.numel();
-    const int gridSize = ( + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
+    const int gridSize = (length + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
 
     CUDANet::Kernels::sum_reduce<<<gridSize, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(
-        input.data<float>(), sum.data<float>(), length
+        static_cast<const T*>(input.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(sum.device_ptr()), length
     );
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
     int remaining = gridSize;
     while (remaining > 1) {
         int blocks_needed = (remaining + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
-        CUDANet::Kernels::sum_reduce<<<blocks_needed, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(sum.data<float>(), sum.data<float>(), remaining);
+        CUDANet::Kernels::sum_reduce<<<blocks_needed, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(static_cast<T*>(sum.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(sum.device_ptr()), remaining);
         CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
         remaining = blocks_needed;
@@ -54,17 +113,32 @@ void CUDA::sum(const CUDANet::Tensor &input, CUDANet::Tensor &sum) {
 }
 
 void CUDA::max(const CUDANet::Tensor &input, CUDANet::Tensor &max) {
+    switch (input.get_dtype()) {
+    case DType::FLOAT32:
+        max_impl<float>(input, max);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported dtype");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+template void CUDA::max_impl<float>(const CUDANet::Tensor &input, CUDANet::Tensor &max);
+
+template <typename T>
+void CUDA::max_impl(const CUDANet::Tensor &input, CUDANet::Tensor &max) {
     auto length = input.numel();
     const int grid_size = (length + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
 
-    Kernels::max_reduce<<<grid_size, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(input.data<float>(), max.data<float>(), length);
+    Kernels::max_reduce<<<grid_size, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(static_cast<const T*>(input.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(max.device_ptr()), length);
     CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
     int remaining = grid_size;
 
     while (remaining > 1) {
         int blocks_needed = (remaining + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
-        CUDANet::Kernels::max_reduce<<<blocks_needed, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(max.data<float>(), max.data<float>(), remaining);
+        CUDANet::Kernels::max_reduce<<<blocks_needed, BLOCK_SIZE>>>(static_cast<T*>(max.device_ptr()), static_cast<T*>(max.device_ptr()), remaining);
         CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError());
 
         remaining = blocks_needed;

src/layers/activation.cpp

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-#include "activation.hpp"
-
 #include <format>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "layers/activation.hpp"
 #include "tensor.hpp"
 
+
 using namespace CUDANet::Layers;
 
 Activation::Activation(

src/layers/add.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "add.hpp"
+#include "layers/add.hpp"
 
 using namespace CUDANet::Layers;
 

src/layers/avg_pooling.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+#include <format>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
-#include "avg_pool.hpp"
-#include <format>
+#include "layers/avg_pool.hpp"
 
 using namespace CUDANet::Layers;
 
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ CUDANet::Shape AvgPool2d::output_shape() {
 }
 
 size_t AvgPool2d::input_size() {
-    return sizeof(float) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
+    return dtype_size(dtype) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
 }
 
 size_t AvgPool2d::output_size() {
-    return sizeof(float) * out_shape[0] * out_shape[1] * out_shape[2];
+    return dtype_size(dtype) * out_shape[0] * out_shape[1] * out_shape[2];
 }
 
 void AvgPool2d::set_weights(void* input) {}

src/layers/batch_norm.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-#include "batch_norm.hpp"
-
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "activation.hpp"
+#include "layers/batch_norm.hpp"
 #include "layer.hpp"
 
 using namespace CUDANet::Layers;
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ BatchNorm2d::BatchNorm2d(
     this->dtype = dtype;
 
     epsilon = CUDANet::Tensor({1}, dtype, backend);
-    epsilon.set_data<float>(&eps);
+    epsilon.set_data(&eps);
 
     running_mean = CUDANet::Tensor({in_shape[2]}, dtype, backend);
     running_mean.zero();
@@ -73,15 +71,15 @@ CUDANet::Shape BatchNorm2d::output_shape() {
 }
 
 size_t BatchNorm2d::input_size() {
-    return sizeof(float) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
+    return dtype_size(dtype) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
 }
 
 size_t BatchNorm2d::output_size() {
-    return sizeof(float) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
+    return dtype_size(dtype) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
 }
 
 void BatchNorm2d::set_weights(void* input) {
-    weights.set_data<float>(static_cast<float*>(input));
+    weights.set_data(input);
 }
 
 size_t BatchNorm2d::get_weights_size() {
@@ -89,7 +87,7 @@ size_t BatchNorm2d::get_weights_size() {
 }
 
 void BatchNorm2d::set_biases(void* input) {
-    biases.set_data<float>(static_cast<float*>(input));
+    biases.set_data(input);
 }
 
 size_t BatchNorm2d::get_biases_size() {
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ size_t BatchNorm2d::get_biases_size() {
 }
 
 void BatchNorm2d::set_running_mean(void* input) {
-    running_mean.set_data<float>(static_cast<float*>(input));
+    running_mean.set_data(input);
 }
 
 size_t BatchNorm2d::get_running_mean_size() {
@@ -105,7 +103,7 @@ size_t BatchNorm2d::get_running_mean_size() {
 }
 
 void BatchNorm2d::set_running_var(void* input) {
-    running_var.set_data<float>(static_cast<float*>(input));
+    running_var.set_data(input);
 }
 
 size_t BatchNorm2d::get_running_var_size() {

src/layers/concat.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "concat.hpp"
+#include "layers/concat.hpp"
 
 using namespace CUDANet::Layers;
 

src/layers/conv2d.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-#include "conv2d.hpp"
-
 #include <format>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "layers/conv2d.hpp"
 #include "layer.hpp"
 #include "tensor.hpp"
 
@@ -97,15 +96,15 @@ CUDANet::Shape Conv2d::output_shape() {
 }
 
 size_t Conv2d::input_size() {
-    return sizeof(float) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
+    return dtype_size(dtype) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
 }
 
 size_t Conv2d::output_size() {
-    return sizeof(float) * out_shape[0] * out_shape[1] * out_shape[2];
+    return dtype_size(dtype) * out_shape[0] * out_shape[1] * out_shape[2];
 }
 
 void Conv2d::set_weights(void* input) {
-    weights.set_data<float>(static_cast<float*>(input));
+    weights.set_data(input);
 }
 
 size_t Conv2d::get_weights_size() {
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ size_t Conv2d::get_weights_size() {
 }
 
 void Conv2d::set_biases(void* input) {
-    biases.set_data<float>(static_cast<float*>(input));
+    biases.set_data(input);
 }
 
 size_t Conv2d::get_biases_size() {

src/layers/dense.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-#include "dense.hpp"
-
 #include <format>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "layers/dense.hpp"
+
 using namespace CUDANet::Layers;
 
 Dense::Dense(CUDANet::Shape in_shape, CUDANet::Shape out_shape, CUDANet::Backend* backend)
@@ -56,8 +56,9 @@ size_t Dense::output_size() {
     return out_shape[0];
 };
 
+// TODO: Use dtype
 void Dense::set_weights(void* input) {
-    weights.set_data<float>(static_cast<float*>(input));
+    weights.set_data(input);
 }
 
 size_t Dense::get_weights_size() {
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ size_t Dense::get_weights_size() {
 }
 
 void Dense::set_biases(void* input) {
-    biases.set_data<float>(static_cast<float*>(input));
+    biases.set_data(input);
 }
 
 size_t Dense::get_biases_size() {

src/layers/max_pool.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-#include "max_pool.hpp"
-
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "layers/max_pool.hpp"
+
 using namespace CUDANet::Layers;
 
 MaxPool2d::MaxPool2d(
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ CUDANet::Shape MaxPool2d::output_shape() {
 }
 
 size_t MaxPool2d::input_size() {
-    return sizeof(float) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
+    return dtype_size(dtype) * in_shape[0] * in_shape[1] * in_shape[2];
 }
 
 size_t MaxPool2d::output_size() {
-    return sizeof(float) * out_shape[0] * out_shape[1] * out_shape[2];
+    return dtype_size(dtype) * out_shape[0] * out_shape[1] * out_shape[2];
 }
 
 void MaxPool2d::set_weights(void* input) {}

src/model.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#include "model.hpp"
-
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iomanip>
@@ -8,7 +6,9 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "layer.hpp"
-#include "batch_norm.hpp"
+#include "layers/batch_norm.hpp"
+
+#include "model.hpp"
 
 using namespace CUDANet;
 

src/module.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-#include "module.hpp"
-
 #include <algorithm>
 
+#include "module.hpp"
+
 using namespace CUDANet;
 
 CUDANet::Shape Module::input_shape() {
@@ -12,22 +12,6 @@ CUDANet::Shape Module::output_shape() {
     return out_shape;
 }
 
-size_t Module::input_size() {
-    size_t count = 1;
-    for (const auto& dim : in_shape) {
-        count *= dim;
-    }
-    return sizeof(float) * count;
-}
-
-size_t Module::output_size() {
-    size_t count = 1;
-    for (const auto& dim : out_shape) {
-        count *= dim;
-    }
-    return sizeof(float) * count;
-}
-
 void Module::register_layer(const std::string& name, Layer* layer) {
     layers.push_back({name, layer});
 }

src/tensor.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,22 @@
-#include "tensor.hpp"
-
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "tensor.hpp"
+
 using namespace CUDANet;
 
+size_t dtype_size(DType dtype) {
+    switch (dtype)
+    {
+    case DType::FLOAT32:
+        return 4;
+        break;
+    
+    default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unknown DType");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
 Tensor::Tensor(Shape shape, CUDANet::Backend* backend)
     : Tensor(shape, backend->get_default_dtype(), backend) {}
 
@@ -80,6 +93,10 @@ Tensor::~Tensor() {
     }
 }
 
+DType Tensor::get_dtype() const {
+    return dtype;
+}
+
 size_t Tensor::numel() const {
     return total_elms;
 }
@@ -88,6 +105,22 @@ size_t Tensor::size() const {
     return total_size;
 }
 
+void* Tensor::device_ptr() const {
+    return d_ptr;
+}
+
+void* Tensor::device_ptr() {
+    return d_ptr;
+}
+
 void Tensor::zero() {
     backend->zero(*this);
 }
+
+void Tensor::fill(int value) {
+    backend->fill(*this, value);
+}
+
+void Tensor::set_data(void *data) {
+    backend->copy_to_device(*this, data, total_size);
+}